年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响

基于2011-2016年大田试验和气象数据资料,研究了年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响,以期为西南丘陵区玉米生产的高产稳产提供理论支持。结果表明：西南丘陵地区雨热资源丰富,但气象因素存在明显的年际波动,降水量波动最大,积温波动最小,且玉米各生育阶段降水、积温和光照配置也有所不同。积温是该区玉米生育前期形态建成的主要限制因子,花前积温、花后日照和降水共同调控玉米的干物质积累与转运,而后期产量形成是各气象因子综合作用的结果。花后日照直接影响玉米穗部性状（穗长、穗粗）和产量构成（穗粒数、千粒重）,从而调控玉米的产量;花后积温和降水则通过影响玉米的穗粒数和千粒重对最终产量产生影响。因此,西南丘陵地区玉米在生产过程中可以通过调整播期,适当提高生育前期积温,促进植株生长发育,提高源器官的形态建成,为花后光合生产奠定良好的基础;减少花后降水量,提高花后日照时数,改善籽粒灌浆,提高籽粒充实度,从而实现高产。     

施肥方式对沃柑果实产量和外观品质的影响

为验证沃柑测土配方施肥的效果,推进化肥减量增效,探究有机肥、中微量元素肥料与化肥配施对沃柑果实产量和外观品质的效应,在沃柑园设置随机区组小区精确试验,试验处理包括当地习惯施肥、测土配方推荐施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.2%硼酸、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.05%钼酸铵、优化施肥兼叶面喷施4%硫酸镁。结果表明,测土配方推荐施肥相较于习惯施肥增产效果显著。在同等养分施用量的情况下,用有机肥代替部分化肥处理与全化肥处理比较产量无显著差异,但前者比后者增效4.03%。在土壤交换性镁贫乏的情况下,沃柑叶面施镁可以获得极显著而稳定的增产效果。在土壤不缺硼的情况下,叶面施硼可能无效。在土壤有效钼不足时沃柑叶面施钼能够增产,但连年施用效果不稳定。由此可见,伴随果实外观品质的提升,化肥减量增效在沃柑生产上是可行的;沃柑施肥的增产潜力较大,如果配方和选材得当,可以发挥更大效益。     

双低杂交油菜‘丰油10号’干物质积累及养分吸收规律

为了解双低杂交油菜新品种‘丰油10号’养分吸收利用规律,以‘丰油10号’为材料,在河南油菜主产区进行田间试验,分析了油菜各器官干物质积累量以及成熟期氮、磷、钾、硫、硼养分的累积量。结果表明:油菜全株干物质积累量随生育进程的推进呈"S"形变化曲线,蕾薹期至花期呈快速增长趋势;油菜籽粒产量与苗期干物质积累量呈抛物线关系(R2=0.9798**),与开花期-成熟期干物质净增量呈显著线性关系(R=0.9879**)。籽粒是氮、磷的分配中心,分别占总吸收量的73.32%和75.16%;钾主要分布在茎枝和角果壳中,籽粒中钾素仅占总吸收量的21.31%;硫主要分布在角果壳和籽粒中;硼元素主要分布在茎枝和籽粒中,占总吸收量的69.89%;根中各养分分布均最少,分配比例也最低。新品种‘丰油10号’地上部分与全株干物质积累量均随生育时期的推进呈现"慢—快—慢"的变化曲线,根、茎、叶中的养分N和P在花期后会转移到籽粒中,因此,油菜花期前保证充足的养分供给是高产的前提。     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.     

Environmental stress response limits microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon

The majority of dead organic material enters the soil carbon pool following initial incorporation into microbial biomass. The decomposition of microbial necromass carbon (C) is, therefore, an important process governing the balance between terrestrial and atmospheric C pools. We tested how abiotic stress (drought), biotic interactions (invertebrate grazing) and physical disturbance influence the biochemistry (C:N ratio and calcium oxalate production) of living fungal cells, and the subsequent stabilization of fungal-derived C after senescence. We traced the fate of ¹³C-labeled necromass from ‘stressed’ and ‘unstressed’ fungi into living soil microbes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total soil carbon and respired CO₂. All stressors stimulated the production of calcium oxalate crystals and enhanced the C:N ratios of living fungal mycelia, leading to the formation of ‘recalcitrant’ necromass. Although we were unable to detect consistent effects of stress on the mineralization rates of fungal necromass, a greater proportion of the non-stressed (labile) fungal necromass C was stabilised in soil. Our finding is consistent with the emerging understanding that recalcitrant material is entirely decomposed within soil, but incorporated less efficiently into living microbial biomass and, ultimately, into stable SOC.     

44个紫花苜蓿品种的酸铝适应性与耐受性评价

为了解紫花苜蓿在贵州地区的适应性及耐酸铝胁迫机理，以44份紫花苜蓿品种为研究对象，研究紫花苜蓿处于酸铝胁迫下的生理变化，并揭示其生理变化与耐酸铝胁迫间的关系。利用基因与环境互作模型对两个地点1年的紫花苜蓿进行产量分析，筛选出阿尔冈金、新疆大叶苜蓿、Trifecta、Vernal和中牧1号苜蓿5个耐酸铝强适应品种。利用敏感型UC-1465和耐受型阿尔冈金进行酸铝胁迫试验。结果表明：相同处理下，耐受型紫花苜蓿的电导率、相对铝含量、死亡率显著低于敏感型；紫花苜蓿对酸铝胁迫的响应主要通过柠檬酸、苹果酸、乙酸、酒石酸、反丁烯二酸和草酸的显著（P<0.05）增加来体现，其中苹果酸的合成和分泌增多可能是其耐酸铝胁迫的重要原因。     

Density responses and spatial distribution of cotton yield and yield components in jujube (Zizyphus jujube)/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) agroforestry

Trees are the dominant species in agroforestry systems, profoundly affecting the performance of understory crops. Proximity to trees is a key factor in crop performance, but rather little information is available on the spatial distribution of yield and yield components of crop species under the influence of trees in agroforestry systems. Also, little information is available on how crop density may be exploited to optimize the yield in such systems. Here we studied the performance of cotton in jujube/cotton agroforestry. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Hetian, Xinjiang, China. Cotton was grown at a row distance of 60 cm in three densities, 13.5, 18.0 and 22.5 plants m⁻² in six m wide paths between tree lines in a jujube plantation. Plant density affected both cotton aboveground dry matter and yield significantly. The highest yield was attained at the intermediate density of 18.0 plants m⁻² (20.0 plants m⁻² corresponding in sole cotton), lower than the optimal density in sole cotton (25.0 plants m⁻²). Yield at the lower density was constrained by the low number of bolls per m² as a direct consequence of the low density, whereas at the high plant density yield was constrained by a lower allocation of assimilates to cotton seed and lint, as a consequence of intraspecific and interspecific competitions. There were strong gradients in yield and yield components in relation to the distance from the tree rows. Leaf area and total dry matter of cotton in rows close to the tree lines were reduced, especially in the rows next to the trees. Moreover, biomass allocation to cotton fruits was reduced in these rows. Competitive influences from the trees on cotton performance extended two rows deep in a six-year old jujube stand, and even three rows deep in a seven-year old stand. Shading effects on cotton yield were compensated by increasing plant density as a result of greater boll numbers per unit ground area. Data from this study help guide the design of optimal plant density of cotton in jujube plantations and give insight in the spatial distribution and dynamics of competitive effects in agroforestry systems in general.     

遮穗和去颖下燕麦穗部特征变化和穗部光合贡献率估算

随着探索提高植物整体光合能力相关研究的不断开展，麦类作物穗部器官等植物非叶绿色器官光合潜力挖掘逐渐得到关注。本研究在成都平原秋播美达、贝勒、莫尼卡、摄政王、泰克和甜燕60等6个品种燕麦，设置遮穗、去颖2个试验处理，比较分析了各品种间穗部特征、穗部光合贡献率、颖片光合贡献率和茎光合物质转移率等差异。结果表明，燕麦穗部器官光合贡献率为28.56%～49.05%，其中甜燕60最高；6个品种燕麦的颖片光合贡献率为11.03%～36.88%，茎光合物质转移率为6.65%～35.81%。燕麦穗部器官对籽实增重表现了较高的光合贡献，当燕麦穗部器官光合受到限制时，燕麦单粒种子重和单穗种子数显著降低，尤其是影响双粒小穗数。     

Soil aggregation: Influence on microbial biomass and implications for biological processes

Our 1988 paper, describing the effects of cultivation on microbial biomass and activity in different aggregate size classes, brought together the ‘aggregate hierarchy theory’ and the ‘microbial biomass concept’. This enabled us to identify the relationships between microbial and microhabitat (aggregate) properties and organic matter distribution and explain some of their responses to disturbance. By combining biochemical and direct microscopy based quantification of microbial abundance with enzyme activities and process measurements, this study provided evidence for the role of microbial biomass (especially fungi) in macroaggregate dynamics and carbon and nutrient flush following cultivation. In the last ten years environmental genomic techniques have provided much new knowledge on bacterial composition in aggregate size fractions yet detailed information about other microbial groups (e.g. fungi, archaea and protozoa) is lacking.We now know that soil aggregates are dynamic entities – constantly changing with regard to their biological, chemical and physical properties and, in particular, their influences on plant nutrition and health. As a consequence, elucidation of the many mechanisms regulating soil C and nutrient dynamics demands a better understanding of the role of specific members of microbial communities and their metabolic capabilities as well as their location within the soil matrix (e.g. aggregates, pore spaces) and their reciprocal relationship with plant roots. In addition, the impacts of environment and soil type needs to be quantified at the microscale using, wherever possible, non-destructive ‘in situ’ techniques to predict and quantify the impacts of anthropogenic activities on soil microbial diversity and ecosystem level functions.     

施用生物有机肥对水晶蜜柚品质的影响

探讨生物有机肥与‘东试早’柚果实物理品质、化学品质及风味之间的影响，为德宏瑞丽地区‘东试早’柚适宜生物有机肥施用量提供参考。以11 年树龄‘东试早’柚为试材，测定‘东试早’柚果实物理、化学品质，并对果实进行感官风味品尝鉴定。结果表明，生物有机肥施用量30 kg/株，单果重、果肉重、纵径、横径最佳，此时还原糖、总糖、可溶性固形物和Vc含量最高，感官风味评价综合满意度分数最高。生物有机肥施用量增加到40 kg/株，单果重下降，可滴定酸含量显著升高，感官风味评价综合满意度分数有所下降。相关性分析显示，生物有机肥与还原糖、总糖、Vc和感官风味评价呈显著相关；感官风味评价的综合满意度与还原糖、总糖呈极显著正相关，与可滴定酸显著负相关。综合考虑‘东试早’柚的品质，生物有机肥用量以30 kg/株为宜。